Are you a fan of both mushrooms and tea or coffee? If so, you’re in luck because mushroom-infused teas and coffees have been gaining popularity for their unique flavors and potenti... Vietnamese coffee is world-renowned and one of the few that specializes in using robusta beans, since most of the rest of the world has moved on to aromatica... Sep 1, 2558 BE ... How to make Vietnamese coffee? · Put about 1-2tbsp sweetened condensed milk in the bottom of a cup that is just big enough for you to brew your ...Sep 25, 2022 · Directions. Pour some boiling water in a glass. Let sit to warm the glass, about 1 minute. Pour out water. Pour condensed milk into the warmed glass. Top with coffee. Stir in creamer and hot cocoa mix. VII. FAQs ABOUT VIETNAMESE COFFEE. 1. Why Vietnamese Coffee is so strong? Two main reasons explain why Vietnamese coffee is stronger than the popular coffee. Number one is the Robusta bean, which has 2.7% caffeine content – almost double the 1.5% of Arabica, making it more bitter. In college, when I worked part-time as a barista at a local coffee shop, I would often serve the same customers day in and day out. To the point that, before they’d even say anythi...The quantity can be adjusted based on your sweetness preference. Add Coffee to the Filter: Take the Vietnamese drip filter (Phin) and remove the top screen. Place 2-3 tablespoons of freshly ground coffee beans into the filter. Compress the Grounds: Place the top screen over the coffee grounds and press it down gently.9.5 OZ Vietnamese Coffee Maker, 2-3 Servings Phin, Screw Down Coffee Vietnamese Coffee Filte Coffee Dripper for Vietnamese Style at Home Office (9.5 OZ - Cork) Visit the AMT Store. 4.4 4.4 out of 5 stars 510 ratings. 50+ bought in past month. $10.85 $ 10. 85. Get Fast, Free Shipping with Amazon Prime.Vietnamese coffee, with its robust flavors and unique brewing methods, has gained international acclaim, captivating the taste buds of coffee enthusiasts worldwide. Rooted in a rich history influenced by French colonization, Vietnam's coffee culture has evolved into a distinctive experience, blending tradition with innovation.Place the plate/lower filter over the rim of the glass. Then put the cup/upper filter on top of the plate. Put coffee grounds into the filter. Gently place (or screw) the round press on top of the grounds. Pour just a small amount of boiling water into the filter. This allows the beans to expand and release C02.Method: · Scoop 2 tablespoons (20g) of ground coffee in the filter chamber. · Tap the chamber over the sink to level out the coffee grounds. · Gently drop the&...See more reviews for this business. Top 10 Best Vietnamese Coffee in Elk Grove, CA - March 2024 - Yelp - Vinhouse Tea & Coffee - Sheldon, 18 Grams Coffee & Tea, Cafe La Vies, Rooftop Macarons, Vinhouse Tea & Coffee - Gerber, Paris Banh Mi - Elk Grove, Gio Cha Duc Huong Sandwiches, Teacup Coffee & Boba Tea, Bru Tea Cafe, Presotea - Elk …The Vietnamese dong is not expected to rise in value or be significantly re-valued in the foreseeable future, according to Forbes. In January 2015 the State Bank of Vietnam devalue...Apr 16, 2012 · There are two ways to make Vietnamese coffee. The simplest method is to steep coffee grounds in a heatproof container with 2/3 cup boiling water for 4 minutes. Pour through a coffee filter into a ... Jan 25, 2024 · Image by Coffee Affection. One unique coffee treat is Vietnamese Egg Coffee. Invented in the 1940s in Hanoi, this coffee has become an iconic part of local culture. It’s made by whisking egg yolks and condensed milk into a rich, frothy foam before adding coffee. The result is a decadent (and photogenic) sweet treat. Top 10 Best Vietnamese Coffee in Chicago, IL - March 2024 - Yelp - Vietfive Coffee - Chicago, Sweetwaters Coffee & Tea, First Sip Cafe, DaNang Kitchen, Nhu Lan Saigon Subs, The Coffee & Tea Exchange, Fat Miilk, 3 Sauces Hainam Chicken Rice 海南鸡饭, BAMBU, Te’amo Boba BarSpoon 2 tablespoons sweetened condensed milk into each of 4 coffee cups. Pour 1 cup fresh hot coffee into each cup and stir to dissolve the milk. Serve cups of coffee along with 4 tall glasses filled with 4 ice cubes each and a long-handled spoon. Pour hot coffee over ice cubes and stir briskly with the long-handled spoon to chill the coffee.Nguyen Coffee Supply - Hanoi Robusta Coffee and Stainless Steel 4oz Phin Filter Set: Dark Roast Whole Coffee Beans, Vietnamese Grown and Direct Trade, Organic, Single Origin, Roasted in Brook $34.19 $ 34 . 19 …Vietnam primarily produces “ robusta ” coffee. The more premium bean is “Arabica” and this bean naturally attracts all of the marketing. So what is robusta used for besides Vietnamese coffee? Almost all instant coffee is made from …Nov 26, 2020 · Place the plate/lower filter over the rim of the glass. Then put the cup/upper filter on top of the plate. Put coffee grounds into the filter. Gently place (or screw) the round press on top of the grounds. Pour just a small amount of boiling water into the filter. This allows the beans to expand and release C02. Welcome to Len's Coffee®. Browse our traditional Vietnamese coffees from the world's 2nd-largest coffee producing nation - and recreate the authentic Vietnamese coffee house experience of Café Sua Da hot or iced coffee at home! Smooth, strong, low in acid... everybody loves it. Browse our own brand of fresh-roasted coffees created from 100% ... Coffee landscape, Gia Lai province. Coffee production has been a major source of income for Vietnam since the early 20th century. First introduced by the French in 1857, the Vietnamese coffee industry developed through the plantation system, becoming a major economic force in the country. After an interruption during and immediately following the …Watch as our Founder Sahra Nguyen demonstrates how to brew the perfect cup of Vietnamese coffee while answering common questions and troubleshooting issues u...Nguyen Coffee Supply The Original Vietnamese Coffee Trio. $48$51. Nguyen Coffee Supply. Buy Now. Save to Wish List. 1. It’s a female-owned brand on a mission. Founded by filmmaker Sarah Nguyen, the direct-to-consumer coffee brand is one of the only craft roasters in the country to offer robusta coffee, which is a uniquely bold …A Phin or Filter is an original and traditional way in Vietnam to make phin cà phê or Filter Coffee. Learn how to use a Phin to brew delicious Vietnamese Dri...A portable coffee maker is a travel must-have for those who want their coffee fix, wherever they are headed. Here are the best you can buy. We may be compensated when you click on ...Oct 7, 2563 BE ... Method · Divide the coffee among two Vietnamese coffee filters. Moisten with a little hot water and stand for 1 minute. · While the coffee is ...Method: · Scoop 2 tablespoons (20g) of ground coffee in the filter chamber. · Tap the chamber over the sink to level out the coffee grounds. · Gently drop the&...A Phin or Filter is an original and traditional way in Vietnam to make phin cà phê or Filter Coffee. Learn how to use a Phin to brew delicious Vietnamese Dri...Discover the authentic taste of Vietnam with our premium drip bag coffee. Made from 100% Arabica beans, each sip delivers a bold and smooth flavour.Dec 11, 2562 BE ... Directions · We start with about half a cup of cold-brewed coffee. · Take 2 tablespoons (about 30 gms) of condensed milk and mix it well with ...Welcome to Len's Coffee®. Browse our traditional Vietnamese coffees from the world's 2nd-largest coffee producing nation - and recreate the authentic Vietnamese coffee house experience of Café Sua Da hot or iced coffee at home! Smooth, strong, low in acid... everybody loves it. Browse our own brand of fresh-roasted coffees created from 100% ...Dec 3, 2023 · The ratio of coffee to milk or water is 1:2, so this packs a serious punch. However, to counter the intensity, traditional Vietnamese coffee is balanced with condensed milk, making a bittersweet brew which is just as delicious cold as it is hot. There are a few different ways to brew Vietnamese coffee: over ice, hot, using espresso, and more. Trung Nguyen Creative 1 Culi Robusta. $9.75. Trademark heirloom Vietnamese Robusta originally established in Vietnam in 1890 - 1922, made from select Culi (single, unsplit, peaberry) beans for richest flavor. Dark, strong, full …5. G7 3-in-1 Instant Premium Vietnamese Coffee. If you are into instant coffee, G7 3-in-1 is going to be a compelling option to consider. It is very affordable. You get one hundred individually wrapped packages, and with them, you will be able to make a tasty cup of java in a matter of several short minutes.Coffee landscape, Gia Lai province. Coffee production has been a major source of income for Vietnam since the early 20th century. First introduced by the French in 1857, the Vietnamese coffee industry developed through the plantation system, becoming a major economic force in the country. After an interruption during and immediately following the …As a coffee lover, you are probably familiar with the iconic Starbucks brand and its signature menu items. Starbucks has a reputation for being one of the most expensive coffee cha...If you’re a coffee lover, there’s nothing worse than waking up to a broken coffee machine. Thankfully, there are coffee machine repair services available that can get your beloved ...Learn about the history, culture, and varieties of Vietnamese coffee, from drip to egg to coconut. Discover how to brew, drink, and enjoy this popular beverage in Vietnam and …Add 1 rounded tablespoon of coffee into the phin. Tamp down the coffee with the filter, leaving the filter on top of the coffee. Place the phin on top of the cup. Pour the boiling water into the phin and place the lid of the phin on top. The …Milk coffee. This is the quintessential Vietnamese coffee drink found all over the country. The humble cà phê sữa đá foregoes the additional ingredients in the other variations, with only condensed milk as the foil for the freshly filtered brew. Sweeter than iced coconut coffee but perhaps more palatable than the egg coffee, this is the ...Coffee stains on carpets can be a real nuisance. Not only can they ruin the look of your carpet, but they can also be difficult to remove. Fortunately, there are a few simple steps...Jun 11, 2021 · Vietnamese: Ca Phe Sua Da (Iced Coffee with Milk) Ca phe da (Iced Black Coffee) Another very popular Vietnamese coffee is iced coffee. The iced coffee is first made in the same way with a drip coffee filter. When the coffee is brewed, stir the milk and coffee together before pouring it into a tall glass with ice. 3. Egg coffee. Vietnamese: Ca ... In college, when I worked part-time as a barista at a local coffee shop, I would often serve the same customers day in and day out. To the point that, before they’d even say anythi...directions. Pour the milk into the bottom of an 8 ounce glass. Carefully pour in the coffee, trying not to disturb the layer of milk. Stir the milk up from bottom and sip the coffee (there will probably be some milk left in the bottom of the glass when you are finished). Variation: This coffee may also be served iced; add some ice cubes on top ...As a coffee lover, you are probably familiar with the iconic Starbucks brand and its signature menu items. Starbucks has a reputation for being one of the most expensive coffee cha...9.5 OZ Vietnamese Coffee Maker, 2-3 Servings Phin, Screw Down Coffee Vietnamese Coffee Filte Coffee Dripper for Vietnamese Style at Home Office (9.5 OZ - Cork) Visit the AMT Store. 4.4 4.4 out of 5 stars 510 ratings. 50+ bought in past month. $10.85 $ 10. 85. Get Fast, Free Shipping with Amazon Prime.2. Place the plate of the Phin in the glass. 3. Add the two tablespoons of ground coffee to the pot or container and gently tap to level it. Then, place it on the plate in the glass cup. 4. Place the filter inside the pot. With the filter, you can make a little pressure to compact the coffee. But don’t over press.‘The Phin’ (Vietnamese Coffee Maker) The first distinguishing feature of a cup of Vietnamese brew is the brewing apparatus known as the Phin.The phin is a decidedly low-tech and inexpensive device – essentially, …Vietnamese coffee is coffee that has been finely ground and brewed in boiling water. The coffee is brewed in a small pot called a “phin-type coffee pot” or “coffee press.”. Here is a traditional method of brewing coffee beans. What you’ll need: Vietnamese coffee filter. Boiled water. Finely ground dark-roasted coffee. Sweetened ...Vietnamese Coffee Overview. Vietnam is an oft-overlooked coffee producer but surprisingly ranks second in the world climbing from a 0.1% market share after the Vietnam War to a surprising 18.6% today. The vast majority of this coffee is commodity-grade Robusta used to produce instant coffee or to create low-quality blends.There’s nothing quite like a steaming hot cup of coffee to get you going in the morning, but if that coffee doesn’t taste good, it can ruin your entire day. It can make you late fo...Vietnamese coffee is known for its unique and bold flavor, and the addition of sweetened condensed milk is a key part of this distinctive taste. Sweetened condensed milk is a thick, creamy, sweetened milk product that is widely used in Southeast Asian dishes, including Vietnamese coffee.Vietnamese-style iced coffee (ca phe sua da or cà phê sữa đá) is super easy to make and all you need is a stainless steel filter that costs around $7 USD online.If you live in a city with a Vietnamese grocery store, you will likely find them even cheaper. Vietnamese coffee can be served hot, but for this tutorial, we are going to brew an iced …Dec 7, 2023 · Here’s what you need to know. To make Vietnamese coffee in a Phin use a 1:4 to 1:4.5 ratio. To brew a standard 2 oz/60 ml serving, add 25 grams/3.5 heaping tablespoons of medium-fine ground coffee to the filter and pour 110 ml of water on top. This brews a very strong, thick coffee that mixes well with condensed milk and ice. . A gallon of coffee is enough to serve about 20 people when using a small paper cup or china coffee cup that holds 6 ounces. When using a large coffee cup or other mug equal to abou...Are you a fan of both mushrooms and tea or coffee? If so, you’re in luck because mushroom-infused teas and coffees have been gaining popularity for their unique flavors and potenti...Viet Original Coffee. Vietnam coffee. Vietnamese arabica. Vietnamese Robusta. London coffee. Wholesale and retails coffee. Freshly roasted coffee. Best Coffee in London.Top 10 Best vietnamese coffee shop Near Las Vegas, Nevada. 1. Phin Smith Las Vegas. “Super excited for a Vietnamese coffee shop to open in Vegas! I love the concept of ordering with the...” more. 2. Tra Viet Coffee & Tea - Las Vegas. “Super modern and cool Vietnamese coffee shop in the Grand Canal Shoppes at the Venetian!” more. 3.Sep 23, 2020 · Add 1 tablespoon sweetened condensed milk and ½ tsp. vanilla extract and mix again until just combined. (Transfer the leftover sweetened condensed milk to a glass jar, seal it, and then keep it ... Traditional Vietnamese coffee is a strong and bitter brew made using a dark roast, typically robusta. Condensed milk is added, and the beverage is often chilled over ice. It can sometimes be made with fresh milk, but this is not common. Chen Dien and his wife are the owners of Coffeeholic House in Seattle, Washington. ☕️This High Quality Stainless Steel coffee maker is made in Vietnam. Durable, easy to use, easy to clean and stock. ☕️Giant size for 10-12 servings, Viet and French press style Coffee makers for Coffee Shop, Tea Shop, Restaurants, Big family, or team, 5 inches wide chamber, 9 oz ground coffee ☕️Gladiator Vietnamese coffee filter is ready to use does not …Premium Blend has always been a trademark speciality of Trung Nguyen and it helped to make the company famous. It's a stunning coffee with a medium-coarse grind ...A Phin or Filter is an original and traditional way in Vietnam to make phin cà phê or Filter Coffee. Learn how to use a Phin to brew delicious Vietnamese Dri... Top 10 Best Vietnamese Coffee in Chicago, IL - March 2024 - Yelp - Vietfive Coffee - Chicago, Sweetwaters Coffee & Tea, First Sip Cafe, DaNang Kitchen, Nhu Lan Saigon Subs, The Coffee & Tea Exchange, Fat Miilk, 3 Sauces Hainam Chicken Rice 海南鸡饭, BAMBU, Te’amo Boba Bar Bulletproof coffee is a breakfast replacement coffee drink. You read that right: thanks to all of its added calories, it’ll replace your whole breakfast, not just your cup of Joe. ...Vietnamese coffee, with its robust flavors and unique brewing methods, has gained international acclaim, captivating the taste buds of coffee enthusiasts worldwide. Rooted in a rich history influenced by French colonization, Vietnam's coffee culture has evolved into a distinctive experience, blending tradition with innovation.Set aside. Heat water to boiling. Then pour the hot water over the coffee grounds and start a timer for 4 minutes. Put the top on but do not push down the press. When the timer goes off, firmly push the press all the way down. Scoop the ice-cream into serving cups and pour desired amount of coffee over the ice-cream.Jan 9, 2022 · Try the version dusted with grated trung muoi (salted egg yolk); the egg-on-egg action balances the drink’s saccharine qualities with a note of umami. 10836 Warner Ave., Fountain Valley, (714 ... Espresso and Vietnamese coffee are not the same type of coffee. While both are strong-tasting and high in caffeine content, the brew method and type of beans are quite different. Espresso is made with finely ground Arabica under high pressure. Vietnamese coffee is made with Robusta in a drip filter. For a more in-depth explanation …Top 10 Best Vietnamese Coffee Shop in Austin, TX - March 2024 - Yelp - Sweet Memes - Austin, Sweetwaters Coffee & Tea, Summer Moon Coffee, Sa-Tén - Canopy, Café Crème, Revival Coffee by Gabrielas, Flightpath Coffeehouse, Patika, Holy …Dec 14, 2023 · Place the base of the phin filter on the serving cup and put the top screen over the coffee grounds. Gently press down. Bloom the coffee by pouring just a little boiling water into the brewer. After 30 seconds, fill the brewer and cover it with the lid. Let the coffee slowly drip into the serving cup. The Vietnamese dong is not expected to rise in value or be significantly re-valued in the foreseeable future, according to Forbes. In January 2015 the State Bank of Vietnam devalue...Pour the condensed milk sweetened into an 8-10oz glass. The top screen should be removed from the filter. Place the coffee grounds in the filter, then screw the screen back in, and compact the grounds. The glass should be filled with condensed milk sweetened with sugar.This should take about 3 minutes. Remove the phin filter and stir your condensed milk into your coffee. If you are making Vietnamese iced coffee (ca phe sua dua), then quickly fill your glass to the top with ice cubes. Be generous with the ice – the more ice you add, the less diluted your drink will be. By Delilah.Milk coffee. This is the quintessential Vietnamese coffee drink found all over the country. The humble cà phê sữa đá foregoes the additional ingredients in the other variations, with only condensed milk as the foil for the freshly filtered brew. Sweeter than iced coconut coffee but perhaps more palatable than the egg coffee, this is the ...Vietnamese iced coffee ( Vietnamese: cà phê đá, lit. 'iced coffee') is a traditional Vietnamese coffee recipe. It is created using coffee roasted between medium and dark. The drink is made …‘The Phin’ (Vietnamese Coffee Maker) The first distinguishing feature of a cup of Vietnamese brew is the brewing apparatus known as the Phin.The phin is a decidedly low-tech and inexpensive device – essentially, …Vietnamese Specialty Coffee. From Vietnam's Central Highlands to Seattle's Georgetown Neighborhood. What We Do. Fine Robusta, phở spice lattes, and bánh mì in Seattle's Georgetown neighborhood.13 OZ Vietnamese Coffee Maker, 2-3 Servings Phin, Screw Down Coffee Vietnamese Coffee Filte Coffee Dripper for Vietnamese Style at Home Office (13 OZ - Cork) Visit the AMT Store. 4.3 4.3 out of 5 stars 522 ratings. $11.99 $ 11. 99. Get Fast, Free Shipping with Amazon Prime.13 OZ Vietnamese Coffee Maker, 2-3 Servings Phin, Screw Down Coffee Vietnamese Coffee Filte Coffee Dripper for Vietnamese Style at Home Office (13 OZ - Cork) Visit the AMT Store. 4.3 4.3 out of 5 stars 522 ratings. $11.99 $ 11. 99. Get Fast, Free Shipping with Amazon Prime.Nov 15, 2023 · Vietnamese coffee is traditionally served with sweetened condensed milk to balance the bitter flavor of dark roast beans. Recipe Highlights. Hot water, ground coffee, and sweetened condensed milk are the only 3 ingredients needed to make Vietnamese coffee. The use of a Phin filter, the traditional Vietnamese coffee maker, makes the brewing ... Top 10 Best vietnamese coffee Near Albuquerque, New Mexico. 1. TeaSu Drinks & Desserts. “The bingsu and tea/ coffee is so good! We got the mango and taro bingsu which tasted delicious!” more. 2. Leona Banh Mi. “Fantastic and authentic pho. The strong Vietnamese coffee is no joke.I did enjoy the grilled cheese sandwich." See more reviews for this business. Top 10 Best Vietnamese Coffee in Dallas, TX - March 2024 - Yelp - Sip Stir Coffee House, Quoc Bao Bakery, Sandwich Hag, Mokah Coffee & Tea, Le Rêve Gelato & Pâtisserie, Bobaddiction, Yely, 9 Rabbits Bakery, Peridot Coffee, Pink Coffee.Our love affair with Vietnamese coffee began in 2013 after a stop-off in South East Asia on the way to Australia to visit our sister (we’re brothers by the way!) Fast forward to 2016 and we both lost our long term jobs within a few months of each other. We then decided it was an opportunity to turn our passion for Vietnamese coffee into a ...It is believed that the coffee plant was first introduced to Vietnam in 1857 by French missionaries, but the first coffee plantations were only set up in 1888 ...Measure 2 tablespoons (28.3 g) of Vietnamese coffee. Place the filter press on top of the ground coffee. Place the filter with the coffee over a coffee cup. Boil water to 200°F (93.33°C). Add enough water to cover the filter press 1/2 …Jan 11, 2023 · This is to help capture the coffee aroma better. Step 2: Add 3-4 teaspoons of condensed milk to a glass (you can add more later until it is right for you). Step 3: Add 2-3 teaspoons of coffee powder to the phin, gently shake the phin so that the coffee spreads evenly and then place the press disk over the coffee. If you own a Cuisinart coffee maker, you know how convenient and reliable it can be in providing you with a delicious cup of coffee. However, like any appliance, there can be times...Coffee prices are at a decade-high, but that hasn't stopped the US from buying more of the coffee bean. The US is importing coffee, and lots of it, at the highest prices in a decad... Vietnamese coffee is traditionally brewed with a phin filter—which consists of a perforated plate that is placed on top of the cup. The plate is topped with a metal vessel in which the ground coffee is mixed with hot water, and brewed coffee is then slowly dripped directly in the cup. Because Vietnamese coffee is quite strong and bitter, the ... The Original Vietnamese Coffee Trio. Can't decide? Get all three! Moxy (100% Arabica) 12 oz bag Sweet and smooth. Our brightest coffee. Truegrit (100% Robusta) 12 oz bag Our strong... $51.00 $48.00. Dec 3, 2023 · The ratio of coffee to milk or water is 1:2, so this packs a serious punch. However, to counter the intensity, traditional Vietnamese coffee is balanced with condensed milk, making a bittersweet brew which is just as delicious cold as it is hot. There are a few different ways to brew Vietnamese coffee: over ice, hot, using espresso, and more. The Gladiator Gold Vietnamese Coffee Maker offers the best of the traditional phin in an exquisite golden finish with its high-quality stainless steel perfection. Admittedly, it is a little more expensive than competing products, but perhaps the glimmer of gold is worth it. This golden Vietnamese coffee maker comes with a screw-down filter press.Prepare the Egg Cream. In a small bowl, combine egg yolks, sugar, and condensed milk. Whisk vigorously using a hand mixer or a whisk until the mixture becomes light, frothy, and significantly increased in volume. Assemble and Optional Toppings. Gently pour or spoon the fluffy egg cream over your brewed coffee.Vietnamese coffee comes in many forms, with some variations making use of yogurt, eggs, or fruit. Vietnam is the second largest coffee producer in the world by volume, next to Brazil. Owing to political and economic reforms after the war, Vietnam’s coffee industry flourished and eventually made its way to specialty coffee shops around the ...Coffee landscape, Gia Lai province. Coffee production has been a major source of income for Vietnam since the early 20th century. First introduced by the French in 1857, the Vietnamese coffee industry developed through the plantation system, becoming a major economic force in the country. After an interruption during and immediately following the …Bring about 1/2 cup of water to a boil. In the meantime, place the Vietnamese coffee filter on top of the glass. Add the ground coffee to the filter, and place the small press that goes inside on top of the ground coffee. Pour about 2 tbsp of boiling water into the filter and wait for about 20 seconds.Top 10 Best vietnamese coffee shop Near New York, New York. 1. Le Phin. “A super cute Vietnamese coffee shop. The staff are very friendly and it feels like the perfect...” more. 2. V-Nam Cafe. “Along with our order, we had included a no-ice Vietnamese coffee (which btw is fantastic in terms of...” more. 3.In figures released in 1995, Vietnam claimed 2 million civilians died on both sides, while 1.1 million North Vietnamese soldiers and between 200,000 and 250,000 South Vietnamese so... ---1